





Network Working Group                                         H. Soliman
Request for Comments: 5380                          Elevate Technologies
Obsoletes: 4140                                          C. Castelluccia
Category: Standards Track                                          INRIA
                                                              K. ElMalki
                                                                 Athonet
                                                              L. Bellier
                                                                   INRIA
                                                            October 2008


         Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) Mobility Management

Status of This Memo

   This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
   Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
   improvements.  Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
   Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
   and status of this protocol.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Abstract

   This document introduces extensions to Mobile IPv6 and IPv6 Neighbour
   Discovery to allow for local mobility handling.  Hierarchical
   mobility management for Mobile IPv6 is designed to reduce the amount
   of signalling between the mobile node, its correspondent nodes, and
   its home agent.  The Mobility Anchor Point (MAP) described in this
   document can also be used to improve the performance of Mobile IPv6
   in terms of handover speed.





















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Table of Contents

   1. Introduction ....................................................3
   2. Terminology .....................................................4
   3. Overview of HMIPv6 ..............................................5
      3.1. HMIPv6 Operations ..........................................6
   4. Mobile IPv6 Extension - Local Binding Update ....................9
   5. Neighbour Discovery Extension: The MAP Option ...................9
   6. Protocol Operation .............................................10
      6.1. Mobile Node Operation .....................................11
           6.1.1. Sending Packets to Correspondent Nodes .............12
      6.2. MAP Operations ............................................13
      6.3. Home Agent Operations .....................................13
      6.4. Correspondent Node Operations .............................13
      6.5. Local Mobility Management Optimisation within a
           MAP Domain ................................................14
      6.6. Location Privacy ..........................................14
   7. MAP Discovery ..................................................15
      7.1. Mobile Node Operation .....................................15
   8. Updating Previous MAPs .........................................16
   9. Note on MAP Selection by the Mobile Node .......................16
      9.1. MAP Selection in Distributed MAP Environment ..............17
      9.2. MAP Selection in a Flat Mobility Architecture .............18
   10. Detection and Recovery from MAP Failures ......................18
   11. Tunelling Impacts on MTU ......................................19
   12. Security Considerations .......................................19
      12.1. Mobile Node - MAP Security ...............................20
      12.2. Mobile Node - Correspondent Node Security ................22
      12.3. Mobile Node - Home Agent Security ........................22
   13. IANA Considerations ...........................................22
   14. Acknowledgements ..............................................22
   15. References ....................................................23
      15.1. Normative References .....................................23
      15.2. Informative References ...................................23
   Appendix A. Changes from RFC 4140 .................................24
















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1.  Introduction

   This specification introduces the concept of a hierarchical Mobile
   IPv6 network, utilising a new node called the Mobility Anchor Point
   (MAP).

   Mobile IPv6 [RFC3775] allows nodes to move within the Internet
   topology while maintaining reachability and ongoing connections
   between mobile and correspondent nodes.  To do this, a mobile node
   sends binding updates (BUs) to its home agent (HA) every time it
   moves.

   The mobile node may send data packets via its home agent immediately
   after sending the binding update, but the home agent will not be able
   to route traffic back to the mobile node before it receives the
   binding update.  This incurs at least half a round-trip delay before
   packets are again forwarded to the right place.  There is an
   additional delay for sending data packets if the mobile node chooses
   to wait for a binding acknowledgement (BA).  The round-trip times can
   be relatively long if the mobile node and its home agent are in
   different parts of the world.

   Additional delay is also incurred if the mobile node employs route
   optimisation.  Authenticating binding updates requires approximately
   1.5 round-trip times between the mobile node and each correspondent
   node (for the entire return routability procedure in a best-case
   scenario, i.e., no packet loss).  This can be done in parallel with
   sending binding updates to the home agent, and there are further
   optimisations that reduce the required 1.5 round-trips [RFC4449]
   [RFC4651] [RFC4866].

   Nevertheless, the signalling exchanges required to update your
   location will always cause some disruption to active connections.
   Some packets will be lost.  Together with link layer and IP layer
   connection setup delays, there may be effects to upper-layer
   protocols.  Reducing these delays during the time-critical handover
   period will improve the performance of Mobile IPv6.

   Moreover, in the case of wireless links, such a solution reduces the
   number of messages sent over the air interface to all correspondent
   nodes and the home agent.  A local anchor point will also allow
   Mobile IPv6 to benefit from reduced mobility signalling with external
   networks.

   For these reasons, a new Mobile IPv6 node, called the Mobility Anchor
   Point, is used and can be located at any level in a hierarchical
   network of routers, including the Access Router (AR).  The MAP will
   limit the amount of Mobile IPv6 signalling outside the local domain.



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   The introduction of the MAP provides a solution to the issues
   outlined earlier, in the following way:

   o  The mobile node sends binding updates to the local MAP rather than
      the home agent (HA) (which is typically further away) and
      correspondent nodes (CNs).

   o  Only one binding update message needs to be transmitted by the
      mobile node (MN) before traffic from the HA and all CNs is
      re-routed to its new location.  This is independent of the number
      of CNs with which the MN is communicating.

   A MAP is essentially a local home agent.  The aim of introducing the
   hierarchical mobility management model in Mobile IPv6 is to enhance
   the performance of Mobile IPv6 while minimising the impact on Mobile
   IPv6 or other IPv6 protocols.  Furthermore, HMIPv6 allows mobile
   nodes to hide their location from correspondent nodes and home
   agents, while using Mobile IPv6 route optimisation.  The security
   differences between the MAP and the home agent are described in
   Section 12.

   It is pertinent to note that the use of the MAP does not rely on, or
   assume the presence of, a permanent home agent.  In other words, a
   mobile node need not have a permanent home address or home agent in
   order to be HMIPv6-aware or use the features in this specification.
   A MAP may be used by a mobile node in a nomadic manner to achieve
   mobility management within a local domain.  Section 6.5 describes
   such a scenario.

2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

   In addition, the following terms are introduced:

   Access Router (AR)

      The AR is the mobile node's default router.  The AR aggregates the
      outbound traffic of mobile nodes.

   Mobility Anchor Point (MAP)

      A Mobility Anchor Point is a router located in a network visited
      by the mobile node.  The MAP is used by the MN as a local HA.  One
      or more MAPs can exist within a visited network.




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   Regional Care-of Address (RCoA)

      An RCoA is an address allocated by the MAP to the mobile node.

   HMIPv6-Aware Mobile Node

      An HMIPv6-aware mobile node is a mobile node that can receive and
      process the MAP option received from its default router.  An
      HMIPv6-aware mobile node must also be able to send local binding
      updates (binding update with the M flag set).

   On-Link Care-of Address

      The LCoA is the on-link CoA configured on a mobile node's
      interface based on the prefix advertised by its default router.
      In [RFC3775], this is simply referred to as the care-of address.
      However, in this memo LCoA is used to distinguish it from the
      RCoA.

   Local Binding Update

      The MN sends a local binding update to the MAP in order to
      establish a binding between the RCoA and LCoA.

3.  Overview of HMIPv6

   This hierarchical Mobile IPv6 scheme introduces a new function, the
   MAP, and minor extensions to the mobile node operation.  The
   correspondent node and home agent operations will not be affected.

   Just like Mobile IPv6, this solution is independent of the underlying
   access technology, allowing mobility within or between different
   types of access networks.

   A mobile node entering a MAP domain will receive Router
   Advertisements containing information about one or more local MAPs.
   The MN can bind its current location (on-link CoA) with an address on
   the MAP's subnet (RCoA).  Acting as a local HA, the MAP will receive
   all packets on behalf of the mobile node it is serving and will
   encapsulate and forward them directly to the mobile node's current
   address.  If the mobile node changes its current address within a
   local MAP domain (LCoA), it only needs to register the new address
   with the MAP.  Hence, only the Regional CoA (RCoA) needs to be
   registered with correspondent nodes and the HA.  The RCoA does not
   change as long as the MN moves within a MAP domain (see below for
   definition).  This makes the mobile node's mobility transparent to
   correspondent nodes it communicates with.




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   A MAP domain's boundaries are defined by the Access Routers (ARs)
   advertising the MAP information to the attached mobile nodes.  The
   detailed extensions to Mobile IPv6 and operations of the different
   nodes will be explained later in this document.

   It should be noted that the HMIPv6 concept is simply an extension to
   the Mobile IPv6 protocol.  An HMIPv6-aware mobile node with an
   implementation of Mobile IPv6 SHOULD choose to use the MAP when
   discovering such capability in a visited network.  However, in some
   cases the mobile node may prefer to simply use the standard Mobile
   IPv6 implementation.  For instance, the mobile node may be located in
   a visited network within its home site.  In this case, the HA is
   located near the visited network and could be used instead of a MAP.
   In this scenario, the mobile node would only update the HA whenever
   it moves.  The method to determine whether the HA is in the vicinity
   of the MN (e.g., same site) is outside the scope of this document.

3.1.  HMIPv6 Operations

   The network architecture shown in Figure 1 illustrates an example of
   the use of the MAP in a visited network.

   In Figure 1, the MAP can help in providing seamless mobility for the
   mobile node as it moves from Access Router 1 (AR1) to Access Router 2
   (AR2), while communicating with the correspondent node.  A
   multi-level hierarchy is not required for a higher handover
   performance.  Hence, it is sufficient to locate one or more MAPs
   (possibly covering the same domain) at any position in the operator's
   network.






















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   +-------+
   |  HA   |
   +-------+       +----+
       |           | CN |
       |           +----+
       |             |
       +-------+-----+
                     |
                     |RCoA
                 +-------+
                 |  MAP  |
                 +-------+
                 |      |
                 |      +--------+
                 |               |
                 |               |
               +-----+          +-----+
               | AR1 |          | AR2 |
               +-----+          +-----+
               LCoA1             LCoA2

               +----+
               | MN |
               +----+   ------------>
                         Movement

                 Figure 1: Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 domain

   Upon arrival in a visited network, the mobile node will discover the
   global address of the MAP.  This address is stored in the Access
   Routers and communicated to the mobile node via Router Advertisements
   (RAs).  A new option for RAs is defined later in this specification.
   This is needed to inform mobile nodes about the presence of the MAP
   (MAP Discovery).  The discovery phase will also inform the mobile
   node of the distance of the MAP from the mobile node.  For example,
   the MAP function could be implemented as shown in Figure 1, and, at
   the same time, also be implemented in AR1 and AR2.  In this case, the
   mobile node can choose the first hop MAP or one further up in the
   hierarchy of routers.  The details on how to choose a MAP are
   provided in Section 10.

   The process of MAP Discovery continues as the mobile node moves from
   one subnet to the next.  Every time the mobile node detects movement,
   it will also detect whether it is still in the same MAP domain.  The
   Router Advertisement used to detect movement will also inform the
   mobile node, through Neighbour Discovery [RFC4861] and the MAP
   option, whether it is still in the same MAP domain.  As the mobile
   node roams within a MAP domain, it will continue to receive the same



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   MAP option included in Router Advertisements from its AR.  If a
   change in the advertised MAP's address is received, the mobile node
   MUST act on the change by sending binding updates to its HA and
   correspondent nodes.

   If the mobile node is not HMIPv6-aware, then no MAP Discovery will be
   performed, resulting in the mobile node using the Mobile IPv6
   [RFC3775] protocol for its mobility management.  On the other hand,
   if the mobile node is HMIPv6-aware it SHOULD choose to use its HMIPv6
   implementation.  If so, the mobile node will first need to register
   with a MAP by sending it a BU containing its home address and on-link
   address (LCoA).  The home address used in the BU is the RCoA, which
   the mobile node acquires via RFC 4877 [RFC4877] Section 9 mechanisms
   when it first contacts a given MAP.  The MAP MUST store this
   information in its binding cache to be able to forward packets to
   their final destination when received from the different
   correspondent nodes or HAs.

   The mobile node will always need to know the original sender of any
   received packets to determine if route optimisation is required.
   This information will be available to the mobile node because the MAP
   does not modify the contents of the original packet.  Normal
   processing of the received packets (as described in [RFC3775]) will
   give the mobile node the necessary information.

   To use the network bandwidth in a more efficient manner, a mobile
   node may decide to register with more than one MAP simultaneously and
   to use each MAP address for a specific group of correspondent nodes.
   For example, in Figure 1, if the correspondent node happens to exist
   on the same link as the mobile node, it would be more efficient to
   use the first hop MAP (in this case assume it is AR1) for
   communication between them.  This will avoid sending all packets via
   the "highest" MAP in the hierarchy and thus will result in more
   efficient usage of network bandwidth.  The mobile node can also use
   its current on-link address (LCoA) as a CoA, as specified in
   [RFC3775].  Note that the mobile node MUST NOT present an RCoA from a
   MAP's subnet as an LCoA in a binding update sent to another MAP.  The
   LCoA included in the binding update MUST be the mobile node's
   address, derived from the prefix advertised on its link.












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RFC 5380                         HMIPv6                     October 2008


4.  Mobile IPv6 Extension - Local Binding Update

   This section outlines the extensions proposed to the binding update
   specified in [RFC3775].

   A new flag is added: the M flag, which indicates MAP registration.
   When a mobile node registers with the MAP, the M and A flags MUST be
   set to distinguish this registration from a BU being sent to the HA
   or a correspondent node.

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |            Sequence #         |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |A|H|L|K|M|      Reserved       |            Lifetime           |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                      Figure 2: Local Binding Update

   M

      If set to 1, it indicates a MAP registration.

5.  Neighbour Discovery Extension: The MAP Option

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |     Type      |    Length     |  Dist |  Pref |R|  Reserved   |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                      Valid Lifetime                           |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   +                                                               +
   |                                                               |
   +                  Global IP Address for MAP                    +
   |                                                               |
   +                                                               +
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                         Figure 3: The MAP option





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   Type

      IPv6 Neighbour Discovery option. Its value is 23.

   Length

      8-bit unsigned integer.  The length of the option and MUST be set
      to 3.

   Dist

      A 4-bit unsigned integer identifying the distance between MAP and
      the receiver of the advertisement, measure in the number of hops
      and starting from 1 if the MAP is on the same link as the mobile
      node.  A distance value of zero MUST NOT be used.

   Pref

      The preference field, used as an indicator of operator preference.
      A 4-bit unsigned integer.  A decimal value of 15 indicates the
      highest preference.  When comparing two potential MAPs, the mobile
      node SHOULD inspect this field as a tie-breaker for MAPs that have
      equal Dist values.

   R

      When set to 1, it indicates that the mobile node is allocated the
      RCoA by the MAP based on Section 9 of [RFC4877].

   Valid Lifetime

      The minimum value (in seconds) of both the valid lifetime of the
      prefix used to form the MAP's address and that used to form the
      RCoA.  This value indicates the validity of the MAP's address and
      the RCoA.

   Global Address

      One of the MAP's global addresses.

6.  Protocol Operation

   This section describes the HMIPv6 protocol.  In HMIPv6, the mobile
   node has two addresses, an RCoA on the MAP's link and an on-link CoA
   (LCoA).  This RCoA is formed in a stateless manner by combining the
   mobile node's interface identifier and the subnet prefix received in
   the MAP option.




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   As illustrated in this section, this protocol requires updating the
   mobile nodes' implementation only.  The HA and correspondent node are
   unchanged.  The MAP performs the function of a "local" HA that binds
   the mobile node's RCoA to an LCoA.

6.1.  Mobile Node Operation

   When a mobile node moves into a new MAP domain (i.e., its MAP
   changes), it needs to configure two CoAs: an RCoA on the MAP's link
   and an on-link CoA (LCoA).  After employing [RFC4877] to acquire an
   RCoA, the mobile node sends a local BU to the MAP with the A and M
   flags set.  The local BU is a BU defined in [RFC3775] and includes
   the mobile node's RCoA in the Home Address option.  No alternate-CoA
   option is needed in this message.  The LCoA is used as the source
   address of the BU.  This BU will bind the mobile node's RCoA (similar
   to a home address) to its LCoA.  The MAP (acting as an HA) will then
   return a binding acknowledgement to the MN.  This acknowledgement
   either identifies the binding as successful or contains the
   appropriate fault code.  No new error codes need to be supported by
   the mobile node for this operation.  The mobile node MUST silently
   ignore binding acknowledgements that do not contain a routing header
   type 2, which includes the mobile node's RCoA.

   Following a successful registration with the MAP, a bi-directional
   tunnel between the mobile node and the MAP is established.  All
   packets sent by the mobile node are tunnelled to the MAP.  The outer
   header contains the mobile node's LCoA in the source address field,
   and the MAP's address in the destination address field.  The inner
   header contains the mobile node's RCoA in the source address field,
   and the peer's address in the destination address field.  Similarly,
   all packets addressed to the mobile node's RCoA are intercepted by
   the MAP and tunnelled to the mobile node's LCoA.

   This specification allows a mobile node to use more than one RCoA if
   it received more than one MAP option.  In this case, the mobile node
   MAY perform the binding update procedure for each RCoA.  In addition,
   the mobile node MUST NOT use one RCoA (e.g., RCoA1) derived from a
   MAP's prefix (e.g., MAP1) as a care-of address in its binding update
   to another MAP (e.g., MAP2).  This would force packets to be
   encapsulated several times (twice in this example) on their path to
   the mobile node.  This form of multi-level hierarchy will reduce the
   protocol's efficiency and performance.

   After registering with the MAP, the mobile node MUST register its new
   RCoA with its HA by sending a BU that specifies the binding (RCoA,
   home address), as in Mobile IPv6.  The mobile node's home address is
   used in the Home Address option and the RCoA is used as the care-of




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   address in the source address field.  The mobile node may also send a
   similar BU (i.e., that specifies the binding between the home address
   and the RCoA) to its current correspondent nodes.

   The mobile node SHOULD wait for the binding acknowledgement from the
   MAP before registering the RCoA with other nodes (e.g., CN or HA, if
   available).  It should be noted that when binding the RCoA with the
   HA and correspondent nodes, the binding lifetime MUST NOT be larger
   than the mobile node's binding lifetime with the MAP, which is
   received in the binding acknowledgement.

   In order to speed up the handover between MAPs and reduce packet
   loss, a mobile node SHOULD send a local BU to its previous MAP,
   specifying its new LCoA.  Packets in transit that reach the previous
   MAP are then forwarded to the new LCoA.

   The MAP will receive packets addressed to the mobile node's RCoA
   (from the HA or correspondent nodes).  Packets will be tunnelled from
   the MAP to the mobile node's LCoA.  The mobile node will de-capsulate
   the packets and process them in the normal manner.

   When the mobile node moves within the same MAP domain, it should only
   register its new LCoA with its MAP.  In this case, the RCoA remains
   unchanged.

   Note that a mobile node may send a BU containing its LCoA (instead of
   its RCoA) to correspondent nodes.  If these nodes are connected to
   the same link, packets will then be routed directly, without going
   through the MAP.

6.1.1.  Sending Packets to Correspondent Nodes

   The mobile node can communicate with a correspondent node through the
   HA, or in a route-optimised manner, as described in [RFC3775].  When
   communicating through the HA, the message formats in [RFC3775] are
   used.

   If the mobile node communicates directly with the correspondent node
   (i.e., the CN has a binding cache entry for the mobile node), the
   mobile node MUST use the same care-of address used to create a
   binding cache entry in the correspondent node (RCoA) as a source
   address.  According to [RFC3775], the mobile node MUST also include a
   Home Address option in outgoing packets.  The Home Address option
   MUST contain the mobile node's home address.







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6.2.  MAP Operations

   The MAP acts like an HA; it intercepts all packets addressed to
   registered mobile nodes and tunnels them to the corresponding LCoA,
   which is stored in its binding cache.

   A MAP has no knowledge of the mobile node's home address.  The mobile
   node will send a local BU to the MAP with the M and A flags set.  The
   aim of this BU is to bind the RCoA (contained in the BU as a home
   address) to the mobile node's LCoA.  If successful, the MAP MUST
   return a binding acknowledgement to the mobile node, indicating a
   successful registration.  This is identical to the HA operation in
   [RFC3775].  No new error codes are introduced for HMIPv6.  The
   binding acknowledgement MUST include a routing header type 2 that
   contains the mobile node's RCoA.

   The MAP MUST be able to accept packets tunnelled from the mobile
   node, with the mobile node being the tunnel entry point and the MAP
   being the tunnel exit point.

   The MAP employs [RFC4877] Section 9 procedures for the allocation of
   RCoA, and subsequently acts as an HA for the RCoA.  Packets addressed
   to the RCoA are intercepted by the MAP, using proxy Neighbour
   Advertisement, and then encapsulated and routed to the mobile node's
   LCoA.  This operation is identical to that of the HA described in
   [RFC3775].

   A MAP MAY be configured with the list of valid on-link prefixes that
   mobile nodes can use to derive LCoAs.  This is useful for network
   operators that need to stop mobile nodes from continuing to use the
   MAP after moving to a different administrative domain.  If a mobile

   node sent a binding update containing an LCoA that is not in the
   MAP's "valid on-link prefixes" list, the MAP could reject the binding
   update using existing error code 129 (administratively prohibited).

6.3.  Home Agent Operations

   The support of HMIPv6 is completely transparent to the HA's
   operation.  Packets addressed to a mobile node's home address will be
   forwarded by the HA to its RCoA, as described in [RFC3775].

6.4.  Correspondent Node Operations

   HMIPv6 is completely transparent to correspondent nodes.






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6.5.  Local Mobility Management Optimisation within a MAP Domain

   In [RFC3775], it is stated that for short-term communication,
   particularly communication that may easily be retried upon failure,
   the mobile node MAY choose to directly use one of its care-of
   addresses as the source of the packet, thus not requiring the use of
   a Home Address option in the packet.  Such use of the CoA will reduce
   the overhead of sending each packet due to the absence of additional
   options.  In addition, it will provide an optimal route between the
   mobile node and correspondent node.

   HMIPv6-aware mobile nodes can use their RCoA as the source address
   without using a Home Address option.  In other words, the RCoA can be
   used as a source address for upper layers.  Using this feature, the
   mobile node will be seen by the correspondent node as a fixed node
   while moving within a MAP domain.

   This usage of the RCoA does not have the cost of Mobile IPv6 (i.e.,
   no bindings or Home Address options are sent over the Internet), but
   still provides local mobility management to the mobile nodes with
   near-optimal routing.  Although such use of RCoA does not provide
   global mobility (i.e., communication is broken when a mobile node
   changes its RCoA), it would be useful for several applications (e.g.,
   web browsing).  The validity of the RCoA as a source address used by
   applications will depend on the size of a MAP domain and the speed of
   the mobile node.  Furthermore, because the support for BU processing
   in correspondent nodes is not mandated in [RFC3775], this mechanism
   can provide a way of obtaining route optimisation without sending BUs
   to the correspondent nodes.

   Enabling this mechanism can be done by presenting the RCoA as a
   temporary home address for the mobile node.  This may require an
   implementation to augment its source address selection algorithm with
   the knowledge of the RCoA in order to use it for the appropriate
   applications.

6.6.  Location Privacy

   In HMIPv6, a mobile node hides its LCoA from its correspondent nodes
   and its home agent by using its RCoA in the source field of the
   packets that it sends.  As a result, address-based location tracking
   of a mobile node by its correspondent nodes or its home agent is more
   difficult because they only know its RCoA and not its LCoA.








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7.  MAP Discovery

   This section describes how a mobile node obtains the MAP address and
   subnet prefix, and how ARs in a domain discover MAPs.

   This specification requires network administrators to manually
   configure the MAP option information in ARs; future mechanisms may be
   defined to allow MAPs to be discovered dynamically.

7.1.  Mobile Node Operation

   When an HMIPv6-aware mobile node receives a Router Advertisement, it
   should search for the MAP option.  One or more options may be found
   for different MAP IP addresses.  A mobile node SHOULD register with
   the MAP having the highest preference value.  A MAP with a preference
   value of zero SHOULD NOT be used for new local BUs (i.e., the mobile
   node can refresh existing bindings but cannot create new ones).
   However, a mobile node MAY choose to register with one MAP over
   another, depending on the value received in the distance field,
   provided that the preference value is above zero.

   A MAP option containing a valid lifetime value of zero means that
   this MAP MUST NOT be selected by the MN.  A valid lifetime of zero
   indicates a MAP failure.  When this option is received, a mobile node
   MUST choose another MAP and create new bindings.  Any existing
   bindings with this MAP can be assumed to be lost.  If no other MAP is
   available, the mobile node MUST NOT attempt to use HMIPv6.

   If a multi-homed mobile node has access to several ARs simultaneously
   (on different interfaces), it SHOULD use an LCoA on the link defined
   by the AR that advertises its current MAP.

   A mobile node MUST store the received option(s) in order to choose at
   least one MAP to register with.  Storing the options is essential, as
   they will be compared to other options received later for the purpose
   of the movement detection algorithm.

   If the R flag is set, the mobile node MUST place its RCoA in place of
   the home address in the binding update message.  This causes the RCoA
   to be bound to the LCoA in the MAP's binding cache.

   A mobile node MAY choose to register with more than one MAP
   simultaneously, or use both the RCoA and its LCoA as care-of
   addresses simultaneously with different correspondent nodes.







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8.  Updating Previous MAPs

   When a mobile node moves into a new MAP domain, the mobile node may
   send a BU to the previous MAP requesting it to forward packets
   addressed to the mobile node's new CoA.  An administrator MAY
   restrict the MAP from forwarding packets to LCoAs outside the MAP's
   domain.  However, it is RECOMMENDED that MAPs be allowed to forward
   packets to LCoAs associated with some of the ARs in neighbouring MAP
   domains, provided that they are located within the same
   administrative domain.

   For instance, a MAP could be configured to forward packets to LCoAs
   associated with ARs that are geographically adjacent to ARs on the
   boundary of its domain.  This will allow for a smooth inter-MAP
   handover as it allows the mobile node to continue to receive packets
   while updating the new MAP, its HA and, potentially, correspondent
   nodes.

9.  Note on MAP Selection by the Mobile Node

   HMIPv6 provides a flexible mechanism for local mobility management
   within a visited network.  As explained earlier, a MAP can exist
   anywhere in the operator's network (including the AR).  Several MAPs
   can be located within the same domain independently of each other.
   In addition, overlapping MAP domains are also allowed and
   recommended.  Both static and dynamic hierarchies are supported.

   When the mobile node receives a Router Advertisement including a MAP
   option, it should perform actions according to the following movement
   detection mechanisms.  In a hierarchical Mobile IP network, such as
   the one described in this document, the mobile node should be:

   o  "Eager" to perform new bindings.

   o  "Lazy" in releasing existing bindings.

   The above means that the mobile node should register with any "new"
   MAP advertised by the AR (Eager).  The method by which the mobile
   node determines whether the MAP is a "new" MAP is described in
   Section 9.1.  The mobile node should not release existing bindings
   until it no longer receives the MAP option (or receives it with a
   lifetime of zero) or the lifetime of its existing binding expires
   (Lazy).  This Eager-Lazy approach, described above, will assist in
   providing a fallback mechanism in case of the failure of one of the
   MAP routers, as it will reduce the time it takes for a mobile node to
   inform its correspondent nodes and HA about its new care-of address.





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9.1.  MAP Selection in Distributed MAP Environment

   The mobile node needs to consider several factors to optimally select
   one or more MAPs, where several MAPs are available in the same
   domain.

   There are no benefits foreseen in selecting more than one MAP and
   forcing packets to be sent from the higher MAP down through a
   hierarchy of MAPs.  This approach may add forwarding delays and
   eliminate the robustness of IP routing between the highest MAP and
   the mobile node; therefore, it is prohibited by this specification.
   Allowing more than one MAP ("above" the AR) within a network should
   not imply that the mobile node forces packets to be routed down the
   hierarchy of MAPs.  However, placing more than one MAP "above" the AR
   can be used for redundancy and as an optimisation for the different
   mobility scenarios experienced by mobile nodes.  The MAPs are used
   independently of each other by the MN (e.g., each MAP is used for
   communication to a certain set of CNs).

   In terms of the distance-based selection in a network with several
   MAPs, a mobile node may choose to register with the furthest MAP to
   avoid frequent re-registrations.  This is particularly important for
   fast mobile nodes that will perform frequent handoffs.  In this
   scenario, the choice of a more distant MAP would reduce the
   probability of having to change a MAP and informing all correspondent
   nodes and the HA.

   In a scenario where several MAPs are discovered by the mobile node in
   one domain, the mobile node may need sophisticated algorithms to be
   able to select the appropriate MAP.  These algorithms would have the
   mobile node speed as an input (for distance-based selection) combined
   with the preference field in the MAP option.  However, this
   specification proposes that the mobile node use the following
   algorithm as a default, where other optimised algorithms are not
   available.  The following algorithm is simply based on selecting the
   MAP that is most distant, provided that its preference value did not
   reach a value of zero.  The mobile node operation is shown below:

   1.  Receive and parse all MAP options.

   2.  Arrange MAPs in a descending order, starting with the furthest
       MAP (i.e., MAP option having largest Dist field).

   3.  Select first MAP in list.

   4.  If either the preference value or the valid lifetime fields are
       set to zero, select the following MAP in the list.




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   5.  Repeat step (4) while new MAP options still exist, until a MAP is
       found with a non-zero preference value and a non-zero valid
       lifetime.

   Implementing the steps above would result in mobile nodes selecting,
   by default, the most distant or furthest available MAP.  This will
   continue until the preference value reduces to zero.  Following this,
   mobile nodes will start selecting another MAP.

9.2.  MAP Selection in a Flat Mobility Architecture

   Network operators may choose a flat architecture in some cases where
   a Mobile IPv6 handover may be considered a rare event.  In these
   scenarios, operators may choose to include the MAP function in ARs
   only.  The inclusion of the MAP function in ARs can still be useful
   to reduce the time required to update all correspondent nodes and the
   HA.  In this scenario, a mobile node may choose a MAP (in the AR) as
   an anchor point when performing a handoff.  This kind of dynamic
   hierarchy (or anchoring) is only recommended for cases where inter-AR
   movement is not frequent.

10.  Detection and Recovery from MAP Failures

   This specification introduces a MAP that can be seen as a local home
   agent in a visited network.  A MAP, like a home agent, is a single
   point of failure.  If a MAP fails, its binding cache content will be
   lost, resulting in loss of communication between mobile and
   correspondent nodes.  This situation may be avoided by using more
   than one MAP on the same link and by utilising a form of context
   transfer protocol between them.  However, MAP redundancy is outside
   the scope of this document.

   In cases where such protocols are not supported, the mobile node
   would need to detect MAP failures.  The mobile node can detect this
   situation when it receives a Router Advertisement containing a MAP
   option with a lifetime of zero.  The mobile node should then start
   the MAP Discovery process and attempt to register with another MAP.
   After it has selected and registered with another MAP, it will also
   need to inform correspondent nodes and the home agent if its RCoA has
   changed.  Note that in the presence of a protocol that transfers
   binding cache entries between MAPs for redundancy purposes, a new MAP
   may be able to provide the same RCoA to the mobile node (e.g., if
   both MAPs advertise the same prefix in the MAP option).  This would
   save the mobile node from updating correspondent nodes and the home
   agent.






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   Access Routers can be triggered to advertise a MAP option with a
   lifetime of zero (indicating MAP failure) in different ways:

   o  By manual intervention.

   o  In a dynamic manner.

   One way of performing dynamic detection of MAP failure can be done by
   probing the MAP regularly (e.g., every 10 seconds).  If no response
   is received, an AR MAY try to aggressively probe the MAP for a short
   period of time (e.g., once every 5 seconds for 15 seconds); if no
   reply is received, a MAP option may be sent with a valid lifetime
   value of zero.  The exact mechanisms for probing MAPs is outside the
   scope of this document.  The above text simply shows one example of
   detecting failures.

   This specification does not mandate a particular recovery mechanism.
   However, any mechanism between the MAP and an AR SHOULD be secure to
   allow for message authentication, integrity protection, and
   protection against replay attacks.

   Note that the above suggestion for detecting MAP failure may not
   detect MAP failures that might take place between probes, i.e.,if a
   MAP reboots between probes.

11.  Tunelling Impacts on MTU

   This specification requires the mobile node to tunnel outgoing
   traffic to the MAP.  Similarly, the MAP tunnels inbound packets to
   the mobile node.  If the mobile node has a home agent elsewhere on
   the Internet, this will result in double encapsulations of inbound
   and outbound packets.  This may have impacts on the mobile node's
   path MTU.  Hence, mobile nodes MUST consider the encapsulation of
   traffic between the node and the MAP when calculating the available
   MTU for upper layers.

12.  Security Considerations

   This specification introduces a new concept to Mobile IPv6, namely, a
   Mobility Anchor Point that acts as a local home agent.  It is crucial
   that the security relationship between the mobile node and the MAP is
   strong; it MUST involve mutual authentication, integrity protection,
   and protection against replay attacks.  Confidentiality may be needed
   for payload traffic, such as when the mobile node is unwilling to
   reveal any traffic to the access network beyond what is needed for
   the mobile node to attach to the network and communicate with a MAP.
   Confidentiality is not required for binding updates to the MAP.  The
   absence of any of these protections may lead to malicious mobile



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   nodes impersonating other legitimate ones or impersonating a MAP.
   Any of these attacks will undoubtedly cause undesirable impacts to
   the mobile node's communication with all correspondent nodes having
   knowledge of the mobile node's RCoA.

   Three different relationships (related to securing binding updates)
   need to be considered:

   1.  The mobile node - MAP

   2.  The mobile node - correspondent node

   3.  The mobile node - home agent

12.1.  Mobile Node - MAP Security

   In order to allow a mobile node to use the MAP's forwarding service,
   initial authorisation (specifically for the service, not for the
   RCoA) MAY be needed.  Authorising a mobile node to use the MAP
   service can be done based on the identity of the mobile node
   exchanged during the security association (SA) negotiation process.
   The authorisation may be granted based on the mobile node's identity
   or based on the identity of a Certificate Authority (CA) that the MAP
   trusts.  For instance, if the mobile node presents a certificate
   signed by a trusted entity (e.g., a CA that belongs to the same
   administrative domain, or another trusted roaming partner), it would
   be sufficient for the MAP to authorise the use of its service.  Note
   that this level of authorisation is independent of authorising the
   use of a particular RCoA.  Similarly, the mobile node trusts the MAP
   if it presents a certificate signed by the same CA or by another CA
   that the mobile node is configured to trust (e.g., a roaming
   partner).  It is likely that some deployments would be satisfied with
   the use of self-signed certificates for either the mobile node or the
   MAP or both.  This guarantees that the mobile node and the MAP are
   authenticated for address allocation and future binding updates
   without the need for identity authentication.  Hence, the use of
   trusted third-party certificates is not required by this
   specification.

   It is important to note that in this specification, authentication
   and authorisation are effectively the same thing.  All the MAP needs
   in order to allocate the mobile node an RCoA is to authenticate the
   mobile node and verify that it belongs to a trusted group (based on
   its certificate).

   IKEv2 MUST be supported by the mobile node and the MAP.  IKEv2 allows
   the use of Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) as a mechanism to
   bootstrap the security association between the communicating peers.



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   Hence, EAP can be used with IKEv2 to leverage the Authentication,
   Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) infrastructure to bootstrap the
   SA between the mobile node and the MAP.  Such a mechanism is useful
   in scenarios where an administrator wishes to avoid the configuration
   and management of certificates on mobile nodes.  A MAP MAY support
   the use of EAP over IKEv2.

   If EAP is used with IKEv2, the EAP method runs between the mobile
   node and a AAA server.  Following a successful authentication, the
   resulting keying material can be used to bootstrap IKEv2 between the
   MAP and the mobile node.  The specification of which EAP methods
   should be used or how keys are transported between the MAP and the
   AAA server is outside the scope of this document.

   HMIPv6 uses an additional registration between the mobile node and
   its current MAP.  As explained in this document, when a mobile node
   moves into a new domain (i.e., served by a new MAP), it obtains an
   RCoA and an LCoA and registers the binding between these two
   addresses with the new MAP.  The MAP then verifies the BU and creates
   a binding cache entry with the RCoA and LCoA.  Whenever the mobile
   node gets a new LCoA, it needs to send a new BU that specifies the
   binding between its RCoA and its new LCoA.  This BU needs to be
   authenticated; otherwise, any host could send a BU for the mobile
   node's RCoA and hijack the mobile node's packets.

   The MAP does not need to have prior knowledge of the identity of the
   mobile node or its home address.  As a result, the SA between the
   mobile node and the MAP can be established using any key
   establishment protocols such as IKEv2.  A return routability test is
   not necessary.

   The MAP needs to set the SA for the RCoA (not the LCoA).  This can be
   performed with IKEv2 [RFC4306].  The mobile node uses its LCoA as the
   source address, but specifies that the RCoA should be used in the SA.

   This is achieved by using the RCoA as the identity in the IKE
   CHILD_SA negotiation.  This step is identical to the use of the home
   address in IKE CHILD_SA when negotiating with the home agent.

   The IPsec Peer Authorization Database (PAD) entries and configuration
   payloads described in [RFC4877] for allocating dynamic home addresses
   SHOULD be used by the MAP to allocate the RCoA for mobile nodes.
   Binding updates between the MAP and the mobile node MUST be protected
   with either Authentication Header (AH) or Encapsulating Security
   Payload (ESP) in transport mode.  When ESP is used, a non-null
   authentication algorithm MUST be used.





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   The Security Policy Database (SPD) entries in both the home agent and
   the mobile node are identical to those set up for the home agent and
   mobile node, respectively, as outlined in [RFC4877].

12.2.  Mobile Node - Correspondent Node Security

   Mobile IPv6 [RFC3775] defines a return routability procedure that
   allows mobile and correspondent nodes to authenticate binding updates
   and acknowledgements.  This specification does not impact the return
   routability test defined in [RFC3775].  However, it is important to
   note that mobile node implementers need to be careful when selecting
   the source address of the HoTI and CoTI messages, defined in
   [RFC3775].  The source address used in HoTI messages SHOULD be the
   mobile node's home address unless the mobile node wishes to use the
   RCoA for route optimisation.  The packet containing the HoTI message
   is encapsulated twice.  The inner encapsulating header contains the
   RCoA in the source address field and the home agent's address in the
   destination address field.  The outer encapsulating header contains
   the mobile node's LCoA in the source address field and the MAP's
   address in the destination field.

12.3.  Mobile Node - Home Agent Security

   The security relationship between the mobile node and its home agent,
   as discussed in [RFC3775], is not impacted by this specification.

   The relationship between the MAP and the mobile node is not impacted
   by the presence of a home agent.

13.  IANA Considerations

   Both the MAP option and M flag were allocated for RFC 4140 and will
   continue to be used by this specification.

14.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank Conny Larsson (Ericsson) and Mattias
   Pettersson (Ericsson) for their valuable input to this document.  The
   authors would also like to thank the members of the French RNRT
   MobiSecV6 project (BULL, France Telecom, and INRIA) for testing the
   first implementation and for their valuable feedback.  The INRIA
   HMIPv6 project is partially funded by the French government.

   In addition, the authors would like to thank the following members of
   the working group, in alphabetical order: Samita Chakrabarti (Sun),
   Gregory Daley, Gopal Dommety (Cisco), Francis Dupont (GET/Enst
   Bretagne), Eva Gustaffson (Ericsson), Dave Johnson (Rice University),
   Annika Jonsson (Ericsson), James Kempf (Docomo labs), Martti



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   Kuparinen (Ericsson), Fergal Ladley, Gabriel Montenegro (Microsoft),
   Nick "Sharkey" Moore, Vidya Narayanan (Qualcomm), Erik Nordmark
   (Sun), Basavaraj Patil (Nokia), Brett Pentland (NEC), Thomas Schmidt,
   and Alper Yegin (Samsung) for their comments on the document.

15.  References

15.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC3775]  Johnson, D., Perkins, C., and J. Arkko, "Mobility Support
              in IPv6", RFC 3775, June 2004.

   [RFC4306]  Kaufman, C., Ed., "Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2)
              Protocol", RFC 4306, December 2005.

   [RFC4861]  Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
              "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
              September 2007.

   [RFC4877]  Devarapalli, V. and F. Dupont, "Mobile IPv6 Operation with
              IKEv2 and the Revised IPsec Architecture", RFC 4877, April
              2007.

15.2.  Informative References

   [RFC4449]  Perkins, C., "Securing Mobile IPv6 Route Optimization
              Using a Static Shared Key", RFC 4449, June 2006.

   [RFC4651]  Vogt, C. and J. Arkko, "A Taxonomy and Analysis of
              Enhancements to Mobile IPv6 Route Optimization", RFC 4651,
              February 2007.

   [RFC4866]  Arkko, J., Vogt, C., and W. Haddad, "Enhanced Route
              Optimization for Mobile IPv6", RFC 4866, May 2007.














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Appendix A.  Changes from RFC 4140

   o  Dynamic MAP Discovery was removed.

   o  Updated the security section to use IKEv2 instead of IKEv1.

   o  The document clarified that HMIPv6 can be used without the need
      for a home agent.

   o  Several editorials throughout the document.

   o  IKEv2 only is now used to allocate the RCoA.

   RFC 4140 was implemented and interop tested by at least two different
   organisations.  A test suite including test cases for RFC 4140 was
   also developed by Ericsson and run against both implementations.  No
   major issues were found.  The scalability of Dynamic MAP Discovery,
   defined in RFC 4140, was seen as inappropriate for large-scale
   deployments and prone to loops.  It was removed from this
   specification.

   At this time, there is no publicly known deployment of this
   specification.

Authors' Addresses

   Hesham Soliman
   Elevate Technologies

   EMail: hesham@elevatemobile.com

   Claude Castelluccia
   INRIA

   Phone: +33 4 76 61 52 15
   EMail: claude.castelluccia@inria.fr


   Karim ElMalki
   Athonet

   EMail: karim@elmalki.homeip.net

   Ludovic Bellier
   INRIA

   EMail: ludovic.bellier@inria.fr




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Full Copyright Statement

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