.. _manipulating-object-and-value-types:

Manipulating Object and Value Types
-----------------------------------

.. _inject-code:

inject-code
^^^^^^^^^^^

    The ``inject-code`` node inserts the given code into the generated code for the
    given type or function, and it is a child of the :ref:`object-type`, :ref:`value-type`,
    :ref:`modify-function` and :ref:`add-function` nodes.
    It may contain :ref:`insert-template` child nodes.

    .. code-block:: xml

        <inject-code class="native | target"
                     position="beginning | end" since="..."
                     file="[file]"
                     snippet="[label]"/>


    The ``class`` attribute specifies which module of the generated code that
    will be affected by the code injection
    (see :ref:`codegenerationterminology`). The ``class`` attribute accepts the
    following values:

        * ``native``: The c++ code
        * ``target``: The binding code

    If the ``position`` attribute is set to *beginning* (the default), the code
    is inserted at the beginning of the function. If it is set to *end*, the code
    is inserted at the end of the function.

    For a detailed description of how to above attributes interact,
    see :ref:`codeinjectionsemantics`.

    The optional ``file`` attribute specifies the file name
    (see :ref:`external-snippets`).

    The optional ``snippet`` attribute specifies the snippet label
    (see :ref:`external-snippets`).

    There are a number of placeholders which are replaced when injecting
    code (see :ref:`typesystemvariables`).

    There are severals ways to specify the code:

Embedding Code into XML
=======================

    The code can be embedded into XML (be careful to use the correct XML entities
    for characters like '<', '>', '&'):

    .. code-block:: xml

         <value-type>
             <inject-code class="native | target"
                 position="beginning | end" since="...">
                 // the code
             </inject-code>
         </value-type>


Using a Template Specified in XML
=================================

    It is possible to create code templates for reuse in XML
    (see :ref:`using-code-templates`). This allows for replacing of custom
    placeholders.

    .. code-block:: xml

         <value-type>
             <inject-code class="native | target" class="native | target">
                 <insert-template name="template_name"/>
             </inject-code>
         </value-type>


.. _external-snippets:

Using Snippets From External Files
==================================

    Code snippets can also be retrieved from external files found in the
    typesystem search path (see :ref:`typesystem-paths`).

    .. code-block:: xml

         <value-type>
             <inject-code class="native | target"
                 position="beginning | end" since="..."
                 file="external_source.cpp"
                 snippet="label"/>
         </value-type>


    In the external file ``external_source.cpp``, the code between annotations
    of the form:

    .. code-block:: c++

        // @snippet label
        ...
        // @snippet label


    will be extracted.

.. _modify-field:

modify-field
^^^^^^^^^^^^

    The ``modify-field`` node allows you to alter the access privileges for a given
    C++ field when mapping it onto the target language, and it is a child of an
    :ref:`object-type` or a :ref:`value-type` node.

    .. code-block:: xml

         <object-type>
             <modify-field name="..."
                 write="true | false"
                 read="true | false"
                 remove="true | false"
                 opaque-container = "yes | no"
                 snake-case="yes | no | both" />
         </object-type>

    The ``name`` attribute is the name of the field, the *optional* ``write``
    and ``read`` attributes specify the field's access privileges in the target
    language API (both are set to true by default).

    The ``remove`` attribute is an *optional* boolean attribute, which can
    mark the field to be discarded on generation.

    The  *optional* ``rename`` attribute can be used to change the name of the
    given field in the generated target language API.

    The *optional* ``opaque-container`` attribute specifies whether
    an opaque container should be returned on read access
    (see :ref:`opaque-containers`).

    The *optional* **snake-case** attribute allows for overriding the value
    specified on the class entry or **typesystem** element.

.. _modify-function:

modify-function
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

    The ``modify-function`` node allows you to modify a given C++ function when
    mapping it onto the target language, and it is a child of a :ref:`function`,
    :ref:`namespace`, :ref:`object-type` or a :ref:`value-type` node.
    Use the :ref:`modify-argument` node to specify which argument the
    modification affects.

    .. code-block:: xml

         <object-type>
             <modify-function signature="..."
                              since="..."
                              remove="true | false"
                              access="public | private | protected"
                              allow-thread="true | auto | false"
                              exception-handling="off | auto-off | auto-on | on"
                              overload-number="number"
                              rename="..."
                              snake-case="yes | no | both" />
         </object-type>

    The ``signature`` attribute is a normalized C++ signature, excluding return
    values but including potential const declarations. It is not required
    when ``modify-function`` appears as a child of a :ref:`function` node to
    modify a global function.

    The ``since`` attribute specify the API version when this function was modified.

    The ``allow-thread`` attribute specifies whether a function should be wrapped
    into ``Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS`` and ``Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS``, that is,
    temporarily release the GIL (global interpreter lock). Doing so is required
    for any thread-related  function (wait operations), functions that might call
    a virtual function (potentially reimplemented in Python), and recommended for
    lengthy I/O operations or similar. It has performance costs, though.
    The value ``auto`` means that it will be turned off for functions for which
    it is deemed to be safe, for example, simple getters.
    The attribute defaults to ``false``.

    The ``exception-handling`` attribute specifies whether to generate exception
    handling code (nest the function call into try / catch statements). It accepts
    the following values:

           * no, false: Do not generate exception handling code
           * auto-off: Generate exception handling code for functions
             declaring a non-empty ``throw`` list
           * auto-on: Generate exception handling code unless function
             declares ``noexcept``
           * yes, true: Always generate exception handling code

    The optional ``overload-number`` attribute specifies the position of the
    overload when checking arguments. Typically, when a number of overloads
    exists, as for in example in Qt:

    .. code-block:: c++

        void QPainter::drawLine(QPointF, QPointF);
        void QPainter::drawLine(QPoint, QPoint);

    they will be reordered such that the check for matching arguments for the
    one taking a ``QPoint`` is done first. This is to avoid a potentially
    costly implicit conversion from ``QPoint`` to ``QPointF`` when using the
    2nd overload. There are cases though in which this is not desired;
    most prominently when a class inherits from a container and overloads exist
    for both types as is the case for the ``QPolygon`` class:

    .. code-block:: c++

        class QPolygon : public QList<QPoint> {};

        void QPainter::drawPolygon(QPolygon);
        void QPainter::drawPolygon(QList<QPoint>);

    By default, the overload taking a ``QList`` will be checked first, trying
    to avoid constructing a ``QPolygon`` from ``QList``. The type check for a
    list of points will succeed for a parameter of type ``QPolygon``, too,
    since it inherits ``QList``. This presents a problem since the sequence
    type check is costly due to it checking that each container element is a
    ``QPoint``. It is thus preferable to check for the ``QPolygon`` overload
    first. This is achieved by specifying numbers as follows:

    .. code-block:: xml

        <object-type name="QPainter">
            <modify-function signature="drawPolygon(QPolygon)" overload-number="0"/>
            <modify-function signature="drawPolygon(QList&lt;QPoint&gt;)" overload-number="1"/>
        </object-type>

    Numbers should be given for all overloads; otherwise, the order will be in
    declaration order.

    The ``remove`` attribute is an *optional* boolean attribute, which can
    mark the function to be discarded on generation.

    The  *optional* ``rename`` attribute can be used to change the name of the
    given function in the generated target language API.

    The  *optional* ``access`` attribute changes the access privileges of the
    given function in the generated target language API.

    The *optional* **snake-case** attribute allows for overriding the value
    specified on the class entry or **typesystem** element.

.. _add-function:

add-function
^^^^^^^^^^^^

    The ``add-function`` node allows you to add a given function onto the target
    language, and it is a child of an :ref:`object-type` or :ref:`value-type` nodes if the
    function is supposed to be a method, or :ref:`namespace` and :ref:`typesystem` if
    the function is supposed to be a function inside a namespace or a global function.
    It may contain :ref:`modify-argument` nodes.

    Typically when adding a function some code must be injected to provide the function
    logic. This can be done using the :ref:`inject-code` node.

    .. code-block:: xml

         <object-type>
             <add-function signature="..." return-type="..." access="public | protected" static="yes | no" classmethod="yes | no" since="..."/>
         </object-type>

    The ``return-type`` attribute defaults to *void*, the ``access`` to *public* and the ``static`` one to *no*.

    The ``since`` attribute specifies the API version when this function was added.

    The ``classmethod`` attribute specifies whether the function should be a Python class method.
    It sets the METH_CLASS flag which means that ``PyTypeObject`` instead of an instance
    ``PyObject`` is passed as self, which needs to be handled in injected code.

    Note that the label "static" in Qt's class documentation almost always means that a Python
    ``classmethod`` should be generated, because an object's class is always accessible from the
    static C++ code, while Python needs the explicit "self" parameter that ``classmethod``
    provides.

    In order to create keyword argument supporting function parameters, enclose the specific
    function parameter with a *@* in the `signature` field.

    .. code-block:: xml

        <add-function signature="foo(int @parameter1@,float @parameter2@)">
            ...
        </add-function>

    With keyword arguments, ``add-function`` makes it easy to specify a default argument
    within the `signature` field

    .. code-block:: xml

        <add-function signature="foo(int @parameter1@=1,float @parameter2@=2)">
            ...
        </add-function>

    See :ref:`sequence-protocol` for adding the respective functions.

.. _declare-function:

declare-function
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

    The ``declare-function`` node allows you to declare a function present in
    the type and it is a child of an :ref:`object-type` or :ref:`value-type` nodes
    if the function is supposed to be a method, or :ref:`namespace` and
    :ref:`typesystem` if the function is supposed to be a function inside a
    namespace or a global function. It may contain :ref:`modify-argument` nodes.

    .. code-block:: xml

         <container-type>
             <declare-function signature="..." return-type="..." since="..."/>
         </container-type>

    The ``return-type`` attribute defaults to *void*.

    The ``since`` attribute specifies the API version when this function was
    added.

    This is useful to make functions known to shiboken which its code parser
    does not detect. For example, in Qt 6, the ``append()`` function of the
    ``QList<T>`` container takes an argument of ``parameter_type`` which is
    specialized to ``T`` for simple types and ``const T &`` for complex types
    by some template expression which the code parser cannot resolve.
    In that case, the function can be declared with a simple signature:

    .. code-block:: xml

         <container-type name="QList">
             <declare-function signature="append(T)"/>
         </container-type>

    This tells shiboken a public function of that signature exists and
    bindings will be created in specializations of ``QList``.

.. _property-declare:

property
^^^^^^^^

    The ``property`` element allows you to specify properties consisting of
    a type and getter and setter functions.

    It may appear as a child of a complex type such as :ref:`object-type` or
    :ref:`value-type`.

    If the PySide6 extension is not present, code will be generated using the
    ``PyGetSetDef`` struct, similar to what is generated for fields.

    If the PySide6 extension is present, those properties complement the
    properties obtained from the ``Q_PROPERTY`` macro in Qt-based code.
    The properties will be handled in ``libpyside`` unless code generation
    is forced.

    .. code-block:: xml

        <property name="..." type="..." get="..." set="..."
                  generate-getsetdef="yes | no" since="..."/>

    The ``name`` attribute specifies the name of the property, the ``type``
    attribute specifies the C++ type and the ``get`` attribute specifies the
    name of the accessor function.

    The optional ``set`` attribute specifies name of the setter function.

    The optional ``generate-getsetdef`` attribute specifies whether to generate
    code for if the PySide6 extension is present (indicating this property is not
    handled by libpyside). It defaults to *no*.

    The optional ``since`` attribute specifies the API version when this
    property appears.

    For a typical C++ class, like:

    .. code-block:: c++

        class Test {
        public:
            int getValue() const;
            void setValue();
        };

    ``value`` can then be specified to be a property:

    .. code-block:: xml

        <value-type name="Test">
            <property name="value" type="int" get="getValue" set="setValue"/>

    With that, a more pythonic style can be used:

    .. code-block:: python

        test = Test()
        test.value = 42

    For Qt classes (with the PySide6 extension present), additional setters
    and getters that do not appear as ``Q_PROPERTY``, can be specified to
    be properties:

    .. code-block:: xml

        <object-type name="QMainWindow">
            <property name="centralWidget" type="QWidget *" get="centralWidget" set="setCentralWidget"/>

    in addition to the normal properties of ``QMainWindow`` defined for
    Qt Designer usage.

    .. note:: In the *Qt* coding style, the property name typically conflicts
        with the getter name. It is recommended to exclude the getter from the
        wrapper generation using the ``remove`` function modification.
